Brownian Motion, by Einstein

In the first article in 1905 called "On the Motion-Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat-of Small particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid", includes research on Brownian motion. Using the kinetic theory of fluids at the time was controversial, he determined that the phenomenon, which still lack a satisfactory explanation after a few decades after his first time he observed, provided empirical evidence (based on observation and experiment) the reality of atoms. It also lent credence to statistical mechanics, which at that time also controversial.

Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated whether atoms were actually a real thing. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms by looking through an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, a leader of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had converted to Einstein's complete explanation of Brownian motion.

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Albert Einstein (Work and the Doctoral)

Upon graduation, Einstein could not find a teaching job, because his brashness as a young man had apparently irritated most his professors. Father of a classmate helped him obtain a job as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office Dalah 1902. In there, Einstein judged the worth of inventors' patent applications for devices that require physical knowledge. He also learned to recognize the importance of application compared with a poor explanation, and learn from the director how "to be true". He occasionally rectified their design errors while evaluating the practicality of their work.

Einstein married Mileva on January 6, 1903. Einstein's marriage with Mileva, a mathematician, is a personal companion and intelligence;

On May 14, 1904, the couple's first child, Hans Albert Einstein, was born. In 1904, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent. He earned his doctorate after submitting his thesis "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("On a new determination of molecular dimensions") in 1905 from the University of Zürich.

In the same year he wrote four articles that provide the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature or can he point to many colleagues in science that he can discuss about his theory. Most physicists agree that three papers (on Brownian motion), the photoelectric effect and special relativity) deserved Nobel Prizes. Only the paper on the photoelectric effect would win one. This is ironic, not only because Einstein is far better known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became free from the way in quantum theory. What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.

He submitted a thesis-thesis to the "Annalen der Physik". They are usually addressed to "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (from Latin: In excellent). Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) plans to celebrate 100 years of the publication of Einstein's work in 1905 as the Year of Physics 2005.

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Albert Einstein (Youth and University)

Einstein was born in Ulm in Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His father, Hermann Einstein, a salesman of feather bed which then undergo to an electrochemical works, and his mother was Pauline. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. They are descendants of Jewish families; Albert schooled in Catholic school and the mother wishes he was given violin lessons.

When Albert was five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in space that is "empty" reacted upon the needle of that compass; he would later describe the experience as one of the most evocative moment in his life. Although he makes a models and mechanical devices as a hobby, he is considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, shyness, or because the structure of rare and unusual in his brain (examined after his death). He then get an award for the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time than other children, he was able to develop a more developed intellect. Another, more recently, about the mental development is that he suffers from Asperger's Syndrome, a condition that related with autism.

Einstein began to study mathematics at twelve years old. There are rumors that he failed mathematics in his education, but this is not true; replacement in the assessment to be confused in the next year. Two of his uncle helped to develop interest in the intellectual world at the end of his childhood and early adolescence by providing suggestions and books on science and mathematics.

In 1894, due to the failure of his father's electrochemical business, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (near Milan). But Albert stayed behind to finish his school, finish a semester before rejoining his family in Pavia.

Failure of the liberal arts portion of the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich) in the following year was a backward step. His family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish high school, where he received a diploma in 1896, Einstein register at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule many times. One years after that he took off his Württemberg citizenship and became unnationality.

In 1898, Einstein met and fell in love with Mileva Maric, a Serb who is a classmate (and friend Nikola Tesla). In 1900, he was granted a teaching by the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and was accepted as citizens of the Swiss nation bloc in 1901. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had a daughter named Lieserl, born in January 1902. Lieserl, at the time, was considered illegitimate because the parents were married. They live in 'Einsteinhaus' in Bern where Einstein and Mileva lived (on the 1st floor) in the Annus Mirabilis.

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Albert Einstein (Introduction)

Albert Einstein live in March 14th 1879 until April 18th 1955. He is a scientist, in theoretical physics who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He put to the front the theory of relativity and also greatly contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics".

After the theory of general relativity being formulated, Einstein became famous throughout the world, an unusual achievement for a scientist. In his old age, his fame beyond the fame of all scientists ever, and in popular culture, Einstein has become a byword for intelligence or even genius. His face is one of the most known around the world.

In 1999, Einstein called the "People of the Century" by Time magazine. Its popularity also makes the name "Einstein" is used extensively in advertising and other merchandise, and finally "Albert Einstein" are registered as a trademarks.

To appreciate them, a unit of the photochemical were named Einstein, a chemical element named einsteinium, and a named asteroid 2001 Einstein.
Einstein's most famous formula is (see E = mc ²):

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The Building Blocks of Matter

A 1-kg cube of solid gold has a length of 3.73 cm on a side. Is this cube nothing but wall-to-wall gold, with no empty space? If the cube is cut in half, the two pieces still retain their chemical identity as solid gold. But what if the pieces are cut again and again, indefinitely? Will the smaller and smaller pieces always be gold?

Questions such as these can be traced back to early Greek philosophers. Two of them-Leucippus and his student Democritus-could not accept the idea that such cuttings could go on forever. They speculated that the process ultimately must end when it produces a particle that can no longer be cut. In Greek, atomos  means “notsliceable.” From this comes our English word atom. Let us review briefly what is known about the structure of matter. All ordinary matter consists of atoms, and each atom is made up of electrons surrounding a central nucleus. Following the discovery of the nucleus in 1911, the question arose: Does it have structure? That is, is the nucleus a single particle or a collection of particles? The exact composition of the nucleus is not known completely even today, but by the early 1930s a model evolved that helped us understand how the nucleus behaves. Specifically, scientists determined that occupying the nucleus are two basic entities, protons and neutrons. The proton carries a positive charge, and a specific element is identified by the number of protons in its nucleus. This number is called the atomic number of the element. For instance, the nucleus of a hydrogen atom contains one proton (and so the atomic number of hydrogen is 1), the nucleus of a helium atom contains two protons (atomic number 2), and the nucleus of a uranium atom contains 92 protons (atomic number 92). In addition to atomic number, there is a second number  characterizing atoms—mass number, defined as the number of protons plus neutrons in a nucleus. As we shall see, the atomic number of an element never varies (i.e., the number of protons does not vary) but the mass number can vary (i.e., the number of neutrons varies).

Two or more atoms of the same element having different mass numbers are isotopes of one another. The existence of neutrons was verified conclusively in 1932. A neutron has no charge and a mass that is about equal to that of a proton. One of its primary purposes is to act as a “glue” that holds the nucleus together. If neutrons were not present in the nucleus, the repulsive force between the positively charged particles would cause the nucleus to come apart.

But is this where the breaking down stops? Protons, neutrons, and a host of other exotic particles are now known to be composed of six different varieties of particles called quarks, which have been given the names of up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The up, charm, and top quarks have charges of that of the proton, whereas the down, strange, and bottom quarks have charges of  that of the proton. The proton consists of two up quarks and one down quark, which you can easily show leads to the correct charge for the proton. Likewise, the neutron consists of two down quarks and one up quark, giving a net charge of zero.

Halliday-Resnick, Fundamental of Physics.

Kilogram Standard

The basic SI unit of mass, the kilogram (kg), is defined as the mass of a specific platinum–iridium alloy cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, France. This mass standard was established in 1887 and has not been changed since that time because platinum–iridium is an unusually stable alloy (Fig. 1.1a). A duplicate of the Sèvres cylinder is kept at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Halliday-Resnick, Fundamental of Physics.

History of Meter

In A.D. 1120 the king of England decreed that the standard of length in his country would be named the yard and would be precisely equal to the distance from the tip of his nose to the end of his outstretched arm. Similarly, the original standard for the foot adopted by the French was the length of the royal foot of King Louis XIV. This standard prevailed until 1799, when the legal standard of length in France became the meter, defined as one ten-millionth the distance from the equator to the North Pole along one particular longitudinal line that passes through Paris.

Many other systems for measuring length have been developed over the years, but the advantages of the French system have caused it to prevail in almost all countries and in scientific circles everywhere. As recently as 1960, the length of the meter was defined as the distance between two lines on a specific platinum–iridium bar stored under controlled conditions in France. This standard was abandoned for several reasons, a principal one being that the limited accuracy with which the separation between the lines on the bar can be determined does not meet the current requirements of science and technology. In the 1960s and 1970s, the meter was defined as 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light emitted from a krypton-86 lamp. However, in October 1983, the meter (m) was redefined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second. In effect, this latest definition establishes that the speed of light in vacuum
is precisely 299 792 458 m per second.

Halliday-Resnick, Fundamental of Physics

Anomaly of Water

Anomaly of water is a perfect design of the Creator between water volume expansion and shrinkage. On high school we were learn physics lessons about the expansion. The nature of all substances expand when heated is, the dimensions of length, area, or volume will be increased.

That is because each object is composed of particles that moves. If the object getting hotter, then the particles that content in the object also has a greater energy to move faster. Because the movement is faster, these particles require a larger space, then there was an expansion. Even if it is hot enough, that matter of object will be changed to a more free movement phase. An example from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.
Increasing volume without mass accretion makes the density of objects decreases. For liquid and gas, a  smaller density substance will fill the of the upper section, the greater density will sink to the bottom section of the container.

So even water. If water is heated in the pan, the heat water will rise to the surface. While the cooler becomes heavier and sinks to the bottom of the pan. That's also what we learned on the subject of convection currents.

So why ice cubes float on the glass? Why icebergs float on the surface of the sea? Why in four seasons country, the top layer of the lake becomes solid, while in the depths of the lake remain liquid at the winter?

This is the anomaly of water. Water, like most other materials, will expand when heated and contract when cooled. Unless the temperature of 0 degree Celcius to 4 degree Celcius. Between these temperatures the properties of water act for the opposite, it will expand when heated and shrink when cooled. This resulted in heaviest water in 4 degree temperatures, which is at the bottom has a temperature of 4 degree. And it's not possible to freezing in that conditions, because if it is smaller than it, it will be pushed to the surface. Very beneficial for a variety of organisms that live in the water, because there is not much that can survive at temperatures below 4 degree. Or in freezing area. Then what will happens when water freezes from the bottom? There will be no ogranism alive instead.
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Why did Einstein Sticking His Tongue Out?

Have you seen this picture before? Really often. This is a famous picture of Albert Einsten. He is a famous scientist. Then many question come. Why did he sticking out his tongue? If you think that to be genius, then we must sticking out our tongue and dishelveling our hair. Haha, then try that, tou will looked so freak actually.

Actually it was Einstein's 72nd birthday, March 14th, 1951. It was taken by Arthur Sasse, a photographer. In that original picture, there was Einstein, her wife and Dr Frank Ayedelotte inside the car. Albert Einstein and Aydelottejus got back from his award. Although Einstein was sitting in a car seat, reporters and photographers were still persuing him. The reporters tried to hold Einstein, and Einstein shouted : "it's enough!". But they still asking questions and kept taking picture. When a reporter asked Einstein's willingness to perpetuate photo birthday, eventually he become tired and irritable, and he stuck out his tongue, in a mocking tone.

Neverless, Einstein was very fond of the picture. He cut the image, so it just seemedhe was alone. Then he repreduced the photo and send it to his friends.

Since the scientist had such a repitation for being quirky, the photo was just sees as another example of this irascible charm, and it is becoma one of the famous pictures of Einstein ever taken.

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